portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(241, 136, 35);">取樣是指在一定質量或數量的產品中，取一個或多個代表性樣品，用于感官、微生物和理化檢驗的全過程。portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px;">首先在取樣之前應確認貨、證是否相符。其次取樣工具要達到無菌的要求，對取樣工portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px;">具和一些試劑材料應提前準備、滅菌。如果使用不合適的采集工具，可能會破壞樣品的完整性，甚至使樣品采集毫無意義。應根據不同的樣品特征和取樣環境，對取樣物品和試劑進行事先準備和滅菌等portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">工portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px;">作。
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portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px;">另外要保證樣品能夠代表整批產品，其檢測結果應具有統計學有效性，樣品到達實驗室時的狀況應能反映出取樣時產品的真實情況。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體; font-size: 16px;">取樣時應根據不同的產品類型、產品狀態等選擇不同的取樣方法和標準。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">①portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">包裝食品portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">對于直接食用的小包裝食品，盡可能取原包裝，直到檢驗前不要開封，以防污染。對于桶裝或大容器包裝的液體食品，取樣前應搖動或用滅菌棒攪拌液體，盡量使其達到均質；取樣時應先將取樣用具浸入液體內略加漂洗，然后再取所需量的樣品，裝入滅菌容器的量不應超過其容量的3/4portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，以便于檢驗前將樣品搖勻；取完樣品后，應用消毒的溫度計插入液體內測量食品的溫度，并作記錄。盡可能不用水銀溫度計測量，以防溫度計破碎后水銀污染食品；如為非冷藏易腐食品，應迅速將所取樣品冷卻至portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">～portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">℃。對于大塊的桶裝或大容器包裝的冷凍食品，應從幾個不同部位用滅菌工具取樣，使樣品具有充分的代表性；在將樣品送達實驗室前，要始終保持樣品處于冷凍狀態樣品一旦融化，不可使其再凍，保持冷卻即可。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">②portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">生產過程中的取樣portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">劃分檢驗批次，應注意同批產品質量的均一性；如用固定在貯液桶或流水作業線上的取樣龍頭取樣時，應事先將龍頭消毒；當用自動取樣器取不需要冷卻的粉狀或同定食品時，必須履行相應的管理辦法，保證產品的代表性不被人為地破壞。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">③portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">液體產品portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">通常情況下，液態產品較容易獲得代表性樣品。液態產品一般盛放在大罐中，取樣時，可連續或間歇攪拌，對于較小的容器，可在取樣前將液體上下顛倒，使其完全混勻。較大的樣品(100portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">～portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">500m1)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">要放在已滅菌的容器中送往實驗室，實驗室在取樣檢測之前應將液體再徹底混勻一次。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">④portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">固體樣品portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">固態樣品常用的取樣工具有滅菌的解剖刀、勺子、軟木鉆、鋸子和鉗子等。面粉或奶粉等易于混勻的食品，其成品質量均勻、穩定，可以抽取小樣品檢測(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">如portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">100 g)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">。但散裝樣品就必須從多個點取樣，且每個樣品都要單獨處理，在檢測前徹底混勻，并從中取一份樣品進行檢測。肉類、魚類的食品既要在表皮取樣叉要在深層取樣。深層取樣時要小心不要被表面污染。有些食品，如鮮肉或熟肉可用滅菌的解剖刀或鉗子取樣；冷凍食品可在未解凍的狀態下可用鋸子、木鉆或電鉆portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">一般斜角鉆人portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">等獲取深層取樣樣品；全蛋粉等粉末狀樣品取樣時，可用滅菌的取樣器斜角插入箱底，樣品填滿取樣器后提出箱外，再用滅菌小勺從上、中、下部位取樣。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">⑤portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">表面取樣portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">通過惰性載體可以將表面樣品上的微生物轉移到合適的培養基中進行微生物檢驗，這種惰性載體既不能引起微生物死亡，也不應使其增殖。這樣的載體包括清水、拭子、膠帶等。取樣后，要使微生物長期保存在載體上，既不死亡又不增殖十分困難，所以應盡早地將微生物轉接到適當的培養基中。轉移前耽誤的時間越長，品質評價的可靠性就越差。表面取樣技術只能直接轉移菌體，不能做系列稀釋，只有在菌體數量較多時才適用。其最大優點是檢測時不破壞樣品。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋體;">⑥portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">空氣樣品的采取portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">空氣的取樣方法有直接沉降法和過濾法。在檢驗空氣中細菌含量的各種沉降法中，平皿法是最早的方法之一，到目前為止，這種方法在判斷空氣中浮游微生物分次自沉現象方面仍具有一定的意義。過濾法是使定量的空氣通過吸收劑，然后將吸收劑培養，計算出菌落數。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、包裝密封portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">為保證樣品的完整性，裝有樣品的包裝物應進行封口，以證實其可靠性，即從取樣地點至實驗室這段時間不發生任何變化。可采用自粘膠、特制的紙黏著劑或者石蠟等封口，封口處應留portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">mportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">填寫日期、檢驗人員和貨主簽字的地方，然后蓋上專用的印章。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三、樣品的標志
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">取樣過程中應對所取樣品進行及時、準確的標記。取樣結束后，應由取樣人寫出完整的取樣報告。樣品應盡可能在原有狀態下迅速運送或發送到實驗室。保存的樣品應進行必要的清晰的標記，內容包括：樣品名稱，樣品描述，樣品批號，企業名稱，地址，取樣人，取樣時間，取樣地點，取樣溫度portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">必要時portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，測試目的等。標記應牢固并具防水性，確保字跡不會被擦掉或脫色。所有盛樣容器必須有和樣品一致的標記。在標記上應記明產品標志與號碼和樣品順序號以及其他需要說明的情況。標記應牢固并具防水性，確保字跡不會被擦掉或脫色。當樣品需要托運或由非專職取樣人員運送時，必須封死樣品容器。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">四、樣品的運輸
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">取樣結束后應盡快將樣品送往實驗室檢驗。如不能及時運送，冷凍樣品應存放在portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">-15portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">℃portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">以下的冰箱或冷庫內；冷藏和易腐食品存放在0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">～portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">℃portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">冰箱或冷藏庫內；其他食品可放在常溫暗處。微生物檢驗樣品應在取樣后6 hportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">以內送達實驗室進行檢驗。樣品的運輸過程必須有適當的保護措施portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">如密封、冷藏等portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，以保證樣品的微生物指標不發生變化。運送冷凍和易腐樣品應在包裝容器內加適量的冷卻劑或冷凍劑，但樣品不可與冷卻劑或冷凍劑直接接觸，保證途中樣品不升溫或不融化，必要時可于途中補加冷卻劑或冷凍劑。運送水樣時應避免玻璃瓶搖動，水樣溢出后又回流瓶內，從而增加污染。如不能由專人攜帶送樣時，也可托運。托運前必須將樣品包裝好，應能防破損，防凍結或防易腐和冷凍樣品升溫或融化。在包裝上應注明portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">防碎portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">”portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">、portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">易腐portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">”portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">、portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">冷藏portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">”portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">等字樣。同時做好樣品運送記錄，寫明運送條件、日期、到達地點及其他需要說明的情況，并由運送人簽字。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">五、樣品的接收
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">在接收樣品時，實驗室應與送樣人共同相互確認樣品與委托單上的內容是否一致。確認內容一般包括：品名；檢驗目的；檢驗項目；形狀和包裝狀況portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">同體、粉狀、冷凍、冷藏、零售、批發、無菌包裝等都不同portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">；抽樣數量portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">個數和質量portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">；抽樣日期及送達日期；抽樣地點；隨貨樣附帶的許可申請單編號；生產國或者生產廠家名稱portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">進口商品portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">；抽樣者的單位、姓名及有無封印；其他搬運、儲存、檢驗時的注意事項。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(54, 65, 173);">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">六、樣品的保存portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">實驗室接到樣品后應在portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">36hportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">內進行檢測portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">貝類樣品通常要在portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">6 hportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">內檢測portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，對不能立即進行檢測的樣品，要采取適當的方式保存，使樣品在檢測之前維持取樣時的狀態，即樣品的檢測結果能夠代表整個產品。實驗室應有足夠和適當的樣品保存設施portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">如冰箱或冰柜等portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">。保存的樣品應進行必要和清晰的標記，內容包括：樣品名稱，樣品描述，樣品批號，企業名稱、地址，取樣人，取樣時間，取樣地點，取樣溫度portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">必要時portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，測試目的等；樣品在保存過程中應保持密封性，防止引起樣品portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">pHportant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">值的變化。不同類型的樣品，保存方法不同：
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">①portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">易腐樣品：portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">要用保溫箱或采取必要的措施使樣品處于低溫狀態(0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">～portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">℃portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，應在取樣后盡快送至實驗室，并保證樣品送至實驗室時不變質。易腐的非冷凍食品檢測前不應冷凍保存portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">除非不能及時檢測portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">。如需要短時間保存，應在portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">～～portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">℃portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">冷藏保存，但應盡快檢驗(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">一般不應超過portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">36h)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，因為保存時間過長會造成樣品中嗜冷細菌的生長和嗜中溫細菌的死亡。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">②portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">冷凍樣品：portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">要用保溫箱或采取必要的措施使樣品處于冷凍狀態，送至實驗室前樣品不能融解、變質。冰凍樣品要密閉后置于冷凍冰箱(portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">通常為portant; word-wrap: break-word !important;">-l8portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">℃portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">)portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">，檢測前要始終保持冷凍狀態，防止樣品暴露在二氧化碳氣體中。
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">
portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">③portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;"> portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">其他樣品：portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Helvetica;">portant; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋體;">應用塑料袋或類似的材料密封保存，注意不能使其吸潮或水分散失，并要保證從取樣到實驗室進行檢驗的過程中其品質不變。必要時可使用冷藏設備。
